1971: M.Sc Institute of Molecular Biology, University Paris VII, France, under the supervision of Anne-Lise Haenni and Francois Chappeville.
1977: Teaching License in Chemistry, School of Education, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel ;
1978: Ph.D. Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, under the supervision of Nathan de Groot and Abraham Hochberg.
1977-80: Post-doctorate, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Mental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, U.S.A.